Stem cells and androgen receptor in human periapical periodontitis / Células madre y receptor de andrógenos en periodontitis periapical humana

Activation of macrophages in periapical granulomas occurs through the presence of cytokines, endotoxin and other genetic and epigenetic factors, allowing the initiation of inflammation and bone resorption. The present study aims to analyze the presence of CD133 protein (marker of stem cells) and the AR (androgen receptor) protein in biopsies of human odontogenic periapical granuloma. Biopsies from 14 adult male patients with diagnosis of periapical granuloma included in paraffin blocks were processed histologically to obtain 5-um thick sections. Protein presence was detected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry of CD133 and AR. The quantification considered the number of positive cells in 0.17 mm2 random areas under the microscope using a 1000X objective. Both CD133 and AR proteins are expressed abundantly in cells in pathological periapical granulomas tissue. The number of cells expressing CD133 and AR shows a wide variation coefficient, so its variation is a particular feature for each individual. We concluded that in human odontogenic periapical granuloma there are abundant stem cells and cells expressing AR that may be important for the pathogenic inflammatory process.

La activación de los macrófagos en los granulomas periapicales humanos se producen a través de la presencia de citoquinas, endotoxinas y otros factores genéticos y epigenéticos que permiten la iniciación de la inflamación y la reabsorción ósea. El presente estudio pretende analizar la presencia de proteína CD133 (marcador de células madre) y de la proteína RA (receptor de andrógenos) en las biopsias de granulomas periapicales odontogénicos humanos. Las biopsias de 14 pacientes varones adultos con diagnóstico de granuloma periapical fueron incluidos en bloques de parafina y se procesaron histológicamente para obtener secciones de 5 micras de espesor. La presencia de CD133 y RA fueron detectadas y analizadas por inmunohistoquímica. La cuantificación se realizó considerando el número de células positivas en áreas al azar de 0,17mm2, utilizando microscopio con objetivo de 1000X. Ambas proteínas, CD133 y RA se expresan en abundancia en las células del tejido patológico con granuloma periapical. El número de células que expresan CD133 y RA presentan un amplio coeficiente de variación, por lo que su variación es una característica particular de cada individuo. Se concluye que en granuloma periapical odontogénico humano se expresan abundantes células madre y proteínas receptoras de andrógenos, antecedentes que pueden sermuy importantes en la expresión y diagnosis de los procesos patológicos inflamatorios.

Histological description of the interaction between muscle fibers and connective tissue of the fascia of the human trapezius muscle / Descripción histológica de la interacción entre las fibras musculares y tejido conectivo de la fascia del músculo trapecio humano

The skeletal muscle fascia corresponds to a condensation of connective tissue. Fascias are highly innervated and sensitive, and can cover non-expandable structures as well as musculature. It is suggested that fascias have a pivotal role in functions such as postural regulation, peripheral motor coordination and proprioception. Also, the presence of inflammation and microcalcification in fascia of patients with localized muscle pain has been described, suggesting a pathogenic role in pain. The aim was to describe the histological structure of the external deep fascia of the trapezius muscle, with emphasis on the content and arrangement of muscle fibers, type I collagen, and adipose tissue. Sample material was obtained from a male cadaver (60-70 years old), by dissection of the posterior cervical region of the superficial fascia of the trapezius muscle and fixed in buffered formalin. Samples were processed by routine histological techniques and embedded in paraffin, obtaining 5 µm-thick sections that were stained according to the van Gieson technique. The trapezius fascia is composed of type I collagen, organized into high-density collagen bundles and oriented in different directions, and by adipocytes disposed in longitudinal groups on the main axis of the fascia. Muscle fibers are organized into bundles that are inserted laterally on the thickness of the fascia. It is possible that lateral transmission of tensional forces between the fibers might be present.

La fascia del músculo esquelético corresponde a una condensación de tejido conectivo. Las fascias están inervadas y son sensibles y pueden cubrir estructuras no distensibles, así como las fibras musculares esqueléticas. Tienen un rol importante en la regulación de la postura, la coordinación motora periférica y la propiocepción. Además, se ha descrito la presencia de inflamación y microcalcificaciones en la fascia de los pacientes con dolor muscular localizado, lo que sugiere un rol patogénico en el dolor. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir la estructura histológica de la fascia externa profunda del músculo trapecio, con énfasis en el contenido y la disposición de las fibras musculares, colágeno tipo I y el tejido adiposo. Material y métodos: El material de la muestra fue obtenido de un cadáver de sexo masculino (60-70 años), por la disección de la región cervical posterior de la fascia superficial del músculo trapecio e inmediatamente fijado en formalina tamponada (pH 7,2) durante 48 horas. La muestra fue procesada por técnicas histológicas e impregnada en parafina (punto de fusión 56-58 C). Secciones de 5 µm de espesor fueron montadas en láminas silanizada para el desarrollo del protocolo de la técnica de van Gieson. Resultados y discusión: Se observa que la fascia del trapecio está compuesta por tejido conectivo denso irregular con abundante colágeno tipo I, organizado en paquetes grandes como verdaderos haces de colágeno de alta densidad orientada en diferentes direcciones; y por adipocitos dispuestos en grupos longitudinales en el eje principal de la fascia. Las fibras musculares estriadas están organizadas en paquetes que se insertan lateralmente en el espesor de la fascia. Es posible que la transmisión lateral de la tensión entre las fibras esté presente.

Efeitos da crioterapia, estimulação elétrica transcutânea e da sua associação na atividade elétrica do nervo femoral em ratos / Effects of cryotherapy, transcutaneous electrical stimulation and their combination on femoral nerve electrical activity in rats

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Relatos clínicos sugerem que a associação terapêutica entre crioterapia (CRIO) e estimulação elétrica transcutânea (TENS) favorece analgesia local. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade elétrica do nervo femoral (ANF), em repouso e durante a aplicação isolada, e associada de TENS e CRIO em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados nove ratos (Wistar) adultos com peso de ±300g. Após anestesia (Uretana, 1mg/g i.p.), o nervo femoral direito foi isolado para registro da ANF basal e durante as modalidades analgésicas. Depois da fixação dos eletrodos no terço inferior da coxa direita, foram aplicadas TENS (50Hz, 10mÅ) por cinco minutos, CRIO isolada e terapia associada (TA) por dez minutos. Os registros contínuos da ANF foram realizados por meio de um amplificador de potenciais de ação, avaliados posteriormente no primeiro, quinto e décimo minuto em unidades arbitrárias (Ua). Utilizaram-se a análise de variância (ANOVA) uma via e o teste de Dunnett como post-hoc. Valores expressos como média ±EPM e as diferenças fixadas em p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A atividade do nervo femoral aumentou (p<0,01) na TENS (0,358±0,09Ua) e na TA (0,230±0,07Ua) e ficou inalterada após CRIO (0,063±0,003Ua), em relação ao basal inicial (0,009±0,0003Ua). No quinto minuto, observou-se uma significante (p<0,05) atenuação da ANF na modalidade TA (0,144±0,027Ua) versus TENS isolada (0,324±0,089Ua). CONCLUSÕES: A associação entre as modalidades analgésicas não-invasivas CRIO e TENS atenua significativamente os efeitos produzidos pela TENS isoladamente sobre a ANF de ratos anestesiados.

BACKGROUND: Clinical reports suggest that the therapeutic association between cryotherapy (CRYO) and transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) favors local analgesia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the electrical activity of the femoral nerve (FNA), at rest and during single and combined application of TENS and CRYO, in rats. METHODS: Nine adult Wistar rats weighting ±300g were used in this study. After inducing anesthesia (Urethane, 1mg/g i.p.), the right femoral nerve was isolated in order to record the FNA at baseline and during the therapeutic modalities. After attaching the electrodes to the lower third of the right thigh, TENS (50Hz, 10mÅ) was applied for five minutes, and CRYO and the combined therapy (CT) for ten minutes. The FNA was recorded continuously by means of an action potential amplifier and the recordings from the first, fifth and tenth minutes were subsequently evaluated using arbitrary units (aU). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, with Dunnett's test as post-hoc analysis. The values were expressed as the mean ±SEM and differences were established at p<0.05. RESULTS: The femoral nerve activity increased (p<0.01) after TENS (0.358±0.09aU) and CT (0.230±0.07aU) and was unchanged after CRYO (0.063±0.003aU), in relation to the baseline (0.009±0.0003aU). In the fifth minute, we observed significant (p<0.05) attenuation of FNA in the CT (0.144±0.027aU) in relation to TENS alone (0.324±0.089aU). CONCLUSIONS: The association between CRYO and TENS noninvasive analgesia significantly attenuates the effects produced by TENS alone on the FNA of anesthetized rats.

Dípteros muscóides de importância média e veterinária e seus parasitóides em Goiás / Muscoid dipterous of medical and veterinary importance and their parasitoids in Goias State, Brazil

The objective of this work was to identify flies of medical and veterinary importance and their natural enemies, located around the city of Itumbiara, GO, Brazil. Five thousand eight hundred and twenty-five muscoid dipterous insects and parasitoids were collected from a Brazilian savanna (cerrado) area of Itumbiara. Substrates for obtaining flies were liver. The most frequent fly and parasitoid species found were: Fannnia pusio (29.2 per cent) and Atherigona orientalis (26.8 per cent) (flies), Nasonia vitripennis (56.0 per cent) and Brachymeria sp. (26.6 per cent) (parasitoids). Musca domestica was the dipterous species of greatest sanitary importance collected. This is the first report of the species Brachymeria sp. and Hememcyrtus sp. in the State of Goias. Data contribute to the knowledge of dipterous and parasitoids fauna in the state of Goias